Protection or Punishment? Assessing Gender-Sensitive Policing and Legal Frameworks for Women in the Criminal Justice System

Abstract

This study examines whether criminal justice systems prioritize protection or punishment for women in conflict with the law by assessing gender-sensitive policing and legal frameworks. Despite global commitments to gender equality, women often face discriminatory laws, biased policing, and harsher sentencing due to entrenched gender stereotypes. Through an analysis of national legal frameworks, criminal laws, and law enforcement practices, this research evaluates the extent to which justice systems accommodate women’s unique vulnerabilities, such as gender-based violence, socioeconomic marginalization, and caregiving responsibilities. Findings reveal persistent gaps in gender-responsive justice, including inadequate training for police, lack of diversion programs, and punitive rather than rehabilitative approaches. The study argues for legal and policy reforms to ensure fairer treatment of women, emphasizing restorative justice, trauma-informed policing, and structural safeguards against systemic bias. By addressing these disparities, criminal justice systems can shift from punitive measures toward equitable, rights-based protection for women offenders.